Estrategias para la
adquisición del lenguaje en niños con autismo.
Las siguientes sugerencias no son ejercicios
aislados que deben trabajarse, sino ideas para modelar las
interacciones comunicativas con el niño. Son, en concreto,
estrategias a incorporar a la vida cotidiana.
Estas estrategias
funcionan mejor cuando se las usa en forma consistente, en diferentes
contextos, y por parte de personas diferentes.
Son estrategias para
mejorar las habilidades comunicativas del niño, y de ninguna manera
suplantan la ayuda profesional.
Recomendaciones
generales.
1.- Disminuir las preguntas directas: por ejemplo
“¿qué es esto?, ¿qué quieres?, etc. Hay que evitarlas lo más
que se pueda pero no eliminarlas por completo. No se desarrolla el
lenguaje con un desarrollo excesivo de preguntas. Hay que
reemplazarlas por
2.- Comentarios:
observe qué está haciendo el niño y haga un comentario acerca de
eso (reemplazando lo que sería su diálogo interno). De la misma
manera que las preguntas a veces limitan el desarrollo del lenguaje,
los comentarios lo promueven.
3.- Espera: en el
intercambio comunicativo, espere con mirada expectante la respuesta:
establezca contacto con los ojos, inclínese hacia el niño, levante
las cejas, que el rostro expectante sea bien claro para el niño.
4.- Establezca
situaciones comunicativas: No anticipe cada necesidad de su hijo.
Genere momentos en los que él va tener que hablar para conseguir lo
que necesita.
5.- Use muchos gestos
y expresiones con la cara bien exagerados, sobreactúe para atrapar
el interés del chico.
6.- Modele en vez de
corregir (modelar significa presentar el modelo de lo que su hijo
debe decir).
7.- Reduzca el uso que
Ud. Hace del lenguaje. Por ejemplo, si él no habla, háblele Ud. Con
oraciones de una sola palabra. Si habla con dos, use Ud. Dos palabras
para hablarle.
8.- Refuerce todos los
intentos que el niño haga para comunicarse sean verbales o no.
9.-
DIVIÉRTANSE!!!! su hijo no va a querer comunicarse si no lo
encuentra divertido.
A) Sugerencias
específicas para los niños que todavía no hablan:
1.- Si el niño no se comunica intencionalmente,
no vocaliza, gesticula o usa la mirada de manera significativa,
pueden ser útiles para estimularlo los juguetes medio-fin (de esos
que hay que tocar ciertos botones para que aparezcan los personajes)
los juguetes de cuerda y los de arrastre.
2.- Los juegos por
turnos estimulan la comunicación. Utilice materiales que al chico le
interesen mucho. Al principio va a tener que ayudarlos bastante y
hacer turnos cortitos que luego irá aumentando.
3.- Los juegos como
aparecer y desaparecer (él y Ud.) debajo de una sábana, escondidas,
etc. Estimulan la participación en una interacción social.
4.- Tómele la mano y
hágalo saludar a las personas, los chiches.
5.-
Si su hijo le toma de la mano y lo lleva hacia el objeto deseado, no
deje que haga eso. Moldee la mano
del niño con la posición de señalar y ayúdelo a poner el índice
sobre lo que necesita. Vaya retirando poco a poco esa ayuda.
6.- Si su hijo grita o
arroja objetos para comunicarse, por ejemplo, para expresar que no
quiere jugar más, enséñele algo más apropiado como decir que no
con la cabeza. Si puede enséñele a acompañar el gesto con la
palabra “no”, y si él no puede hacer eso, intente que use la
vocal “o”, o él sonido más aproximado que él pueda hacer.
8.-
Diseñe oportunidades para que su hijo inicie la comunicación.
- coloque comida o juguetes favoritos en lugares altos, inaccesibles pero visibles.
- sople una burbuja y luego cierre el frasco. Moldee que él diga “bú” si quiere más.
- Coloque un objeto deseado dentro de un frasco bien cerrado.
- Finja que la puerta está trabada cuando él quiere salir.
(A mi hija le encantan
las cosquillas. Empecé a pedirle cualquier sonido a cambio de una
cosquilla. Luego ese sonido cualquiera, lo fui moldeando poco a poco
a palabras más claras. El objetivo es que el chico entienda
claramente que hablar tiene un sentido y beneficios placenteros).
9.-
Si su hijo no lo mira pero si mira los objetos que le interesan,
ponga estos objetos entre sus dos ojos antes de dárselos. No
le dé nada sin que antes lo mire a los ojos al menos una milésima
de segundo. Agáchese cuando hablan
para que estén al mismo nivel ojo con ojo.
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